International system after the Peace Conference of Westphalia on nation-state border brought about abundant countries in political map of the world and caused increasing disintegration between these units. Nevertheless, in the recent decades, integration of nation states especially among neighboring countries has increased. Iran and Afghanistan as neighbors are no exception to the rule. This paper uses documentary method in gathering data and descriptive-analytic method is employed to investigate data. The results indicate that because of absence of powerful and sustainable national government in Afghanistan several factors such as great powers, ethnicity, religion, ideology, drugs and Helmand’ s hydro politics have played mainly the role of disintegration. Similarity of language, religion and geographical factors has not produced much of enthusiasm for increasing integration between two neighboring countries. Nevertheless, international nation-building in Afghanistan after September 11, 2001 event could bring about peace, security and relative stability in Afghanistan, however it created problems for Iran’ s sovereignty and security.

Globalization in recent decades has increased international trade and has also deeply influenced the political economy of countries. Simultaneously, and as a counter-trend, new regionalism has experienced a rising trend over the last two decades in different parts of the world, leading to increase in trade among the member countries of a regional organization and to the smoother flow of financial and human resources within the region. Some consider this to further expand and entrench globalization. For others, however, the new trend has resulted in overall global economic decline, lower volumes of trade between the regions, and further loss for other regions and countries. From this vantage point, regionalism is considered a major obstacle standing in the way of globalization. This article argues that new regionalism, despite its fluctuations, not only does not constitute an obstacle to globalization, but also creates a road map for engaging in global processes. It also attempts to suggest a basic mechanism for guiding and accelerating the process of globalization, especially in times of crisis in global systems, when, more often than not, regional unions tend to become more protectionists.

In this paper a comprehensive review of flow visualization techniques used for the analysis of spray characteristics is presented and an experimental demonstration of different lighting techniques has been made. Still photographs of sprays from an airblast atomizer and a swirl atomizer are taken under backlighting, slit lighting, incident lighting (front flash) and a new method of capturing scattered light image at 1200 to the incident light is introduced in the present work. Photographs taken by these methods are shown to be useful for deriving useful observations such as jet breakup phenomenon, the internal details and the external appearance of the spray. It is demonstrated that the information obtainable from each technique is different and that a combination of different techniques may be necessary for proper diagnosis. The article also includes a discussion on the jet breakup phenomenon as observed in the photographs and in addition a new concept of shear formation of smaller droplets from the surface of a liquid jet by the co-flowing air stream in an airblast atomizer has been proposed.

En francais:Les interactions entre le système culturel et le système politique s’avèrent par des multiples actes et les aspects politiques de la culture ne laissent aucun doute. Le sous-système des valeurs se lie directement avec le problème de la légitimation du pouvoir politique. C’est ainsi que tous les gouvernements ayant des soucis de légitimation de leur pouvoir ne restent pas indifférents.C’est ainsi que tous régimes politiques mènent une politique culturelle qui doit rassurer leur harmonie sociale: Mais dans une communauté ou union les politiques culturelles différentes peuvent poser des problèmes en ce qui concerne l’intégration politique. On voit deux tendances paradoxes au sein de l’Union Européenne qui peuvent altérer leur convergence. D’un côté une politique culturelle nationale et de l’autre côté les efforts des instances européennes pour le rapprochement culturel des différents peuples intégrés au sein de la communauté européenne.In English:The interaction between cultural subsystem and political system is adopted by all of sociologists. But a national politics of culture can be against a regional politics of culture. This paradox is visible in European Union. The State like France supports his cultural politics while the European authorities try to reduce the cultural difference between their countries.

Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi could take the autocratic military rule of Ghaznavids to its highest point with acquiring honomable military victories and obtaining a ffluent booties of conquered areas. Lack of systematic program for replacement of sultan Mahmood caused to bring about the first conflict in the power structure of Ghaznavids. Sultan Masuod, his substitute, caused to break up the power structure, with assuming hostile attitude towards power dignitarians of his fathers time and taking unwise decisions that also accompanied by awful habit and behaviour. This article has been accomplished on the basis of the documentary research method.

The volume of fabric wastes throughout the world is constantly increasing. A significant proportion of these wastes are recoverable or compostable, but in our country there is no other way of burning and landfilling for the management of these wastes. Among the various types of fabrics, some have greater biodegradability and can be decomposed at the acceptable rates under controlled conditions. In this study, the disintegration of rayon fabric was investigated under composting conditions. During the composting process, temperature, moisture and aeration were controlled and by sampling at the certain times, changes in some operating parameters such as temperature, moisture and pH were investigated. Structural and morphological changes of the linen fabric before and after disintegration were investigated by FTIR spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At the end of the process, by measuring the weight loss due to organic matter conversion, the disintegration of this fabric was evaluated and the maturation of resulting compost was investigated by a germination test. The results revealed the breakdown of hydrogen bonds in the fabric. The samples weight loss at the end of the test showed that the rayon fabric is biodegradable under composting conditions, and due to the germination test, the resulting compost maturity is at the acceptable level.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the declaration of independence by Azerbaijan, Tehran-Baku relations have been generally moving in the right direction with occasional ups and downs over the past two decades. Factors such as cultural and historical communalities and the potential for economic cooperation have acted as impetus for the expansion of relations between the two neighbors. Nevertheless, this bilateral relationship, from the viewpoint of Azerbaijan, is confronted with discouraging obstacles and constraining factors such as the ongoing conflicts over the unresolved issues of the legal regime of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan’s desire to join NATO, and its relations with the U.S. and Israel. Despite some opportunities for improving relations between the two countries, challenging factors have put more constraints on Tehran-Baku ties. First, the author briefly examines the history of Iran-Azerbaijan relations, and then discusses the factors influencing their integration and disintegration.

While European countries have been taking decades to form a transnational unit under the European Union, and have ceded part of their sovereignty and independence, in many of these countries secessionist movements have called for a break-up with their respective governments that have been on rise. The article seeks to clarify the correlation between convergence and separatist tendencies in Europe. The carried out studies indicate that the EU policies on minorities strengthen ethnic and local identities in a way that will allow them to involve in decision-making in determining their fate. It opens up a door to evade the constrained frames of their respective governments, and in another way, it allows minorities to have more salient role in the adoption of national policies by adjusting the national sovereignty of the member states.